Anne Sullivan: A Woman of Strong Conscience :: Essays Papers

Anne Sullivan A Woman of Strong ConscienceWhen I think of powerful women from the past, Anne Sullivan is one of the first women to pop into my mind. Anne Sullivan was born on April 14, 1866 in Massachusetts. Her authentic differentiate is Joanna, but she was called Anne throughout her life. When Anne was still young she suffered from a serious illness that left her nearly blind. Annes mother died when Anne was only eight and her vex left Anne and her two siblings two years later. The children were then placed into an almshouse to be cared for. After a lonely and miserable couple of years, Anne had a surgery that restored more or less of her sight. With the regain of some sight, Anne felt revived and decided to move on to Tuscumbia, Alabama where she would become the governess of a six-year gray-haired girl named Helen Keller. It was through caring for this six-year old girl, Helen, that shaped Anne Sullivan into a woman of conscience.When Anne first met Helen Keller, she was blind, deaf, and mute since she was 19 months old. Helen was left undisciplined, ill tempered, and neglected with no contact with the outer world. Annes difficult calling was to tame Helen. Helen screamed, bit, hit, and kicked Anne, but Anne, faithfully, never gave up. Anne Sullivan displayed the virtues of fortitude, compassion, and most importantly patience while caring for Helen. Anne had a respect for life that gave her the belief that all humans were created in the image of God, and WE ALL ARE GOOD. Anne Sullivan treated Helen with equality, just as Jesus cured the lepers when the rest of the community cast them out of society. Helen constantly challenged Anne to find refreshed ways to make her learn. Anne constantly challenged Helen by not allowing her to give up and to be there to support Helen. After communicating by spelling the name of objects into Helens hands and then allowing Helen to feel the object and repeated spelling it, Helen finally discovered th e connection. Anne Sullivans persistence and determination is what made her a ideal role model to us all. Anne Sullivan contributed so much to society. After the miraculous rescue of Helen Keller, Anne continued to go through college with Helen and sign the lectures into Helens hands.

Far East :: essays research papers

A Critique AbstractThe Far East, written by Paul H. Clyde and Burton F. Beers is a countersign containing a collection of facts and is presented in chronological and topical order starting with history in general and this history in particular. The authors begin their book with What is history? The answer is In its simplest form, history is the record of things thought, said, and done. Such a definition is a useful starting point but it leaves a array of questions unanswered. (p.1) It is here that I find myself in complete agreement with the authors not just for this book but history in general as a subject. The authors foundation for their book is centered on the subject of history itself. However, it is at this point that I begin to have problems with analysis presented. The authors make the examination, For those who are practically inclined, it is a principal means through which man may anticipate the future. (p.2) I think this statement is more wishful than realistic. The g eographical depiction offered in the book gives the reader unfamiliar with this region of the world a 1) starting point on a world map and a 2) sense of not only where but the density covered by the book. With this sense the reader can better understand why there is demographic, cultural, and row differences within and among the many countries as well as the root similarities. The reader finds enhanced discerning to the impact of east meeting west how from their views the cultural injure was enormous in the past and continues today. The book research is both extensive and systematic, cumulating some 50 odd years. I, as a reader, cannot say the good or bad of this other than to say the focus of the book seems distinctive in content, with the sources listed point to this detail.Book OrganizationOverall CompositionThe book includes thirty-six chapters of impress stories some superb and some grisly of regional history and is arranged in chronological order. Selective chapters are org anized with regional chronicles of Old mainland China to New Governments of Asia since 1953. The chapters relate many details and events and processes with noteworthy consequences that have made a foremost impact to the past and present world. It is pragmatically written and contains distortions and omitted parts. It is unmixed that it is written from a Western point of view.

Physics of the Ear Essay -- Term Papers Research

Physics of the EarThe ear is an extraordinary human organ that many people take for granted until it doesnt function. It is the and device that allows the human to hear sounds in their environment. The ear is made up of many parts that distinguish various sounds through different means. The ear manikin and physiology along with how sound waves are transmitted into meaningful sounds will help one go out how hearing loss occurs.The ear is made up of three areas the outer, middle, and inner ear. The outer ear is very serious for collecting sound waves. It is made up of the pinna and the ear canal. The pinna, the actual physical outward visual aspect of the ear, receives sound waves and begins to funnel them into the ear canal. The ear canal is also known as the auditory meatus which is basically a convoluted tube. The next part of the ear, the tympanic membrane, is the beginning of the middle ear. The ear drum is crucial in the ability to hear. The tympanic membrane leads to a cha in of small bones known as the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup). The stapes is ended with the footplate, a bone that looks like a stirrup. This area is known as the middle ear or the tympanic nether region. Located at the bottom of this area is the Eustachian tube which leads down to the throat. Its main purpose is to maintain the equalization of pressure between the tympanic cavity and the atmosphere as the air in the cavity is absorbed by the cells of its surface. The next area is the inner ear. This area contains many important structures to the hearing process. It begins with the oval window which is struck by the footplate of the Stapes. The cochlea is the area where most sound is transmitted from waves into impulses. W... ... environment. In order to do that we must know the anatomy of our ear and how it functions. An important function is how the sound wave is transmitted into meaningful information through means of frequency, amplitude, and locati on. By understanding how the ear functions people are able to understand and prevent hearing loss. WORKS CITEDDavid, Edward E. Jr., John K. Pierce, and William A. Van Bergeijk. Waves, and the Ear. NY Anchor Books. 1960. p- 34-50Kirkpatrick, Larry D. and Gerald F. Wheeler. Physics A World View, 4th ed. Orlando, FL. Harcourt College Publishers 2001. p- 365-71Littler, T.S. The Physics of the Ear, v3. NY Macmillan Company. 1965. P- 1-9Pickles, James O. An Intro to the Physiology of Hearing. NY Academic Press. 1982. p- 264- 79Sataloff, Joseph. Hearing Loss. Philadelphia J.B. Lippincott Company. 1980 P- 67 75 175-77

Classroom Motivational Strategies Essay examples -- Education

I would like to discuss some of the motivational strategies that I will be using in my classroom. The motivational strategy that I will discuss is student self-efficacy. According to (Schunk, 1991) Self- Efficacy Theory refers to an individual s judgment of his or her capabilities to perform inclined actions. Students atomic number 18 more likely to be motivated to attempt tasks in which they believe they will be successful, it is essential for us as teachers to provide tasks at the correct level of difficulty and help students to develop appropriate expectation for success. Experiences of failure may lead students to have a low perception of self-efficacy, and they in turn , are likely to reduce their effort on academic tasks and lose their motivation. However, if students already possess a high level perception of self efficacy their sense of self-efficacy wont be affected easily by failure. (Richardson, 2010). According to Bandura perceived efficacy determines how much effort people are willing to put into an activity as well as how long they will persevere in the face of obstacles. It is known that high self-efficacy and improved death penalty results when students 1. are taught to use specific learning strategies which increase attention to the task, 2. adopt short term over long-term goals and 3. Receive performance contingent rewards as opposed to reinforcement for just engaging in a task. All these instructional manipulations are assumed to increase the belief that I can do it, which then increases both effort and achievement.(Richardson, 2010) Students self-efficacy or beliefs about whether they will be successful on a given task are a powerful predictor of their choice, effort, and persistence... ...ls displayed higher motivation (rate of problem solving)during instruction than did children who did not observe a model. Schunk and Hanson (1985) expected that their low-achieving subjects would identify more closely with the a ccomplice coping models. (H.Schunk, 1991)This activity had a positive effect on my students. They were fit to successfully improve their adaptation fluency by engaging in this activity. The students were able to realize that with practice, positive reinforcement and support (enactive mastery) that they can improve their reading.The students were also able to discover that by watching their peer model correct reading that they can also do the same thing. (vicarious experiences)The student self efficacy, self- worth, and self- esteem was enhanced by being able to go to the various class and pose their Readers Theater.

Female Serial Killers Essay -- essays research papers

Female Serial Killers While most of the violent crimes that happens most are them are belongs to men, women have not been the wilting flowers promoted so heartily by Victorian adorers and (right or wrong) often evident in todays society. Before we get into detail about the fascinating phenomenon of the Black Widow, it is worth a brief overview of womens escalating subprogram in the world of violent crime, particularly in the United States.Since 1970, there has been an increasing and alarming rise 138 percent of violent crimes committed by women. Still, while the equivalent percentage compared to male violence is sm totally 15 percent to 85 percent the fact that the numbers have elevated so drastically points to something changing in society.Sociologists try to explain it, so do criminologists, theologizes, politicians and world historians, but the resulting message is clear, and that message is that females are not alien to committing violent acts. In recent years, women have commi tted some of the most heinous crimes. Darlie Routier killed her two sons for reasons blamed on personal economics. Diane Downs killed one of her three children (she tried to kill all of them) in order to win back a lover who didnt want kids. Susan Smith drowned her boys in a neighborhood lake because her boyfriend did not want the responsibleness of raising some other mans children. Karla Homolka and husband Paul Bernardo sexually assaulted, tortured and killed several young women for thrills.There a...

Female Serial Killers Essay -- essays research papers

Female Serial Killers While most of the cherry crimes that happens most are them are belongs to men, women concord not been the weaken flowers promoted so heartily by Victorian adorers and (right or wrong) often evident in todays society. Before we get into detail about the fascinating phenomenon of the Black Widow, it is worth(predicate) a brief overview of womens escalating role in the world of violent crime, particularly in the United States.Since 1970, there has been an increasing and alarming rise 138 percent of violent crimes committed by women. Still, while the equivalent percentage compared to male violence is small 15 percent to 85 percent the fact that the numbers have elevated so drastically points to something changing in society.Sociologists try to explain it, so do criminologists, theologizes, politicians and world historians, but the resulting message is clear, and that message is that females are not alien to committing violent acts. In recent years, women have co mmitted some of the most heinous crimes. Darlie Routier killed her two sons for reasons blamed on personal economics. Diane Downs killed one of her triad children (she tried to kill all of them) in order to win back a lover who didnt want kids. Susan Smith drowned her boys in a neighborhood lake because her swain did not want the responsibility of raising some other mans children. Karla Homolka and husband Paul Bernardo sexually assaulted, tortured and killed several young women for thrills.There a...

New Cases Of Tb Health And Social Care Essay

Over 8 million of new instances of TB be discovered and about 1.5 million deceases resulted from TB y premature, TB has declared figure one infective slayer. 1 2 Gener completelyy, TB ( TB ) is defined as a catching infective disease cause by mycobacteria TB. A individual brush aside infected when he or she inhales a proceedingss tote up of septic phlegm of air. Terbium is non catching by direct contact with apparels or agitating custodies with person who has Terbium. Terbium is spread through the external internal respiration of the septic air during close contact. There is excessively another type of untypical TB, transmitted when imbibing unpasteurised milk. Related bacteriums, Mycobacterium bovis which are frame in unpasteurised milk are responsible to do this signifier of TB 23 . The symptoms of TB are non obvious until the disease is rather advanced. The early symptoms of TB are usually confused with other mutual symptoms of a febrility, including weariness, loss of appetency, a productive cough, febrility, weighter from Decatur loss and dark workout suits. The transmittance of the TB is more frequently than non spotted in the upper portion or lobe of the lungs. It normally takes months ( incubation ) from the get downing point of initial lung contagious disease for symptoms to be noticeable. The worsen infection in the lungs erect besides ensue in symptoms like chest hurting, coughing continuously, coughing out phlegm of immobilise from the lungs and blood and trouble in take a breathing ( panting for breath ) .Incidence1Prevalence 2MortalityWHO partno. In 1000s% of sublunary sumrate per 100 000 pop3no. In 1000srate per 100 000 dadno. In 1000srate per 100 000 dadAfrica2 82830 %3513 80947338548The Americas2823 %3122124293Eastern Mediterranean6757 %11592915911520Europe4255 %4832236556South-East Asia3 21334 %1833 80521647727Western Pacific1 94621 %1092 00711226115Global sum9 369100 %13911 0931641 322201Incidence is the figure of new insta nces originating during a defined period.2Prevalence is the figure of instances ( new and antecedently contingency ) that exists at a given point in clip.3Pop indicates population.Diagram 1 Estimated TB incidence, prevalence and mortality, 2008 hypertext transportation system protocol //www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/Diagram 1 indicates the estimated TB incidence and rate of decease in 2008. South-East Asia and South-East Asia have the highest figure of incidence, prevalence and morality rate of TB. These are belittled income states. Terbium is a poorness related disease which will be discussed subsequently in this study.( 436 spoken language )SolutionCocktail of drugshypertext modify protocol //physicianjobster.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/latent-tuberculosis-guidelines-and-diagram.pngTB is categorized into two chief group base on the pharmacologic intervention for several phase, latent infection and active disease. About 90 % of patients who infected with pri mary TB will withhold no farther clinical manifestation and will mend without the realisation of the disease. Merely approximately 5 % of the patients will travel on to develop the disease into a more progressive and active disease including disseminated TB ( TB bacteria infected parts of the organic structure other than lungs ) . Latent infection occurs when the pneumonic macrophages are able to incorporate the bacteriums only if non extinguish them. C UsersdantesDesktopblatent-tuberculosis-guidelines-and-diagram.pngChemoprophylaxisDuring the phase of latent infection of TB, although the symptoms of the disease are non manifested but latent infection stack develop into the active phase. Therefore, chemoprophylaxis give the sack be initiated to pull off the status. Chemoprophylaxis is the prescription of certain medicines in the purpose of forestalling an infection. Normally, two drugs are involved in this regimen. Isoniazid which is a common drug will be prescribed to patients with latent infection. Generally, 300mg daily of Isoniazid ( INH ) will be given for 9 months in grownups. If there are any intuition of opposition of bacteriums strain to INH or intolerance of patients to INH ( allergic reaction ) , INH can be replaced with Rifampin ( RIF ) . Normal medicine of RIF of 600mg for 4 months is a suited permutation 22 .Drugs intervention therapy( 698words ) While for the phase of active disease of TB, the timeworn regimen Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide ( PZA ) and ethambutol ( EMB ) for 2 months followed by INH and RIF for 4 months is administered 7 9 22 .The consequence of the phlegm cultivation TB of patients is used to find the susceptibleness of the bacteriums to the drugs. It in bends decides which drugs to be used in the intervention. The tabular array 2 below is a guideline for the prescription of the intervention.Diagram 2 prescription medicine for intervention of TB hypertext transfer protocol //www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/r r5211a1.htm( 753 words )If the bacterium become drug immune, multi-drug resistant TB ( MDR ) , other drugs are to be given. For illustration, Ethionamide, Streptomycin, Cycloserine and the tilt goes on. Drug opposition should be suspected in the to a lower place summonsed state of affairssPatients who have received anterior therapy for TerbiumPatients from geographic country with high prevalence of opposition ( Mexico and Southeast Asia )human immunodeficiency virus patientsPatients known to be exposed to MDR-TB instancesPatients who still have impervious bacilli- verificatory phlegm vilifications after 2 months of therapyPatients who still have positive civilization for TB after 2 to 4 months of therapyParticular intervention should be given to a certain population mattering on their status for case, HIV patients, pregnant adult female, kids, extrapulmonary TB. In population of pregnant adult female, the drugs used are non to present a hazard to the foetus every bit hot as to the female parent. RIF is non given because it is related to limb decrease and cardinal nervous system lesions in foetus. Ethionamide may be associated with premature bringing, congenitial malformations and Down s syndrome. The drugs prescribed must be monitored carefully to forestall any long term side effects to the patients 7 22 .The tabular array in diagram 3 show the chief two groups of drugs used to carry on TB, first line and 2nd line drugs. If the first line drugs fail to handle TB as the TB bacteriums strain becomes immune, 2nd line drugs are used.( 992 words )Diagram 3 The first and 2nd line drugs for TB ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5211a1.htm )( 1005 words )EffectivenessDiagram 4 Treatment result and clip from start of intervention to transition of sputum civilization among 39 patients ( http //www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/8/6/table/T2 ) C UsersdantesPicturesTB.jpgAll of the patients ab initio received day-to-day therapy that comprised INH, RIF, EMB, and PZA. Treatment was successfully completed in 36 patients ( 92 % ) , and 35 ( 90 % ) were cured. This indicates a high success rate of intervention utilizing the drugs above.( 1067 words )Direct observation of TherapyTo maximize the completion of intervention class, direct observed therapy ( pass around ) is introduced. This method will advance attachment to the intervention. Medical officers should supervise DOT. This method ensures the intervention class of the patient is completed.hypertext transfer protocol //www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5211a1.htmhttp //www.health-res.com/EX/08-01-20/r211a1b14.gifhypertext transfer protocol //www.health-res.com/EX/08-01-20/r211a1b14.gif( 1122words )Diagram 5 the intervention success of TB ( % ) under DOTs in Albania, Ecuador and HaitiEffectivenessDiagram 6 the intervention success of TB ( % ) under non- DOTs in Albania, Ecuador and Haitihypertext transfer protocol //apps.who.int/globalatlas/includeFiles/gene ralIncludeFiles/toolOptions.asp? displayType=chart( 1146 words )The DOTS programme in China, the bombasticst DOTS programme in the universe, prevents about 30 000 deceases a twelvemonth. Over 90 % of patients interact are cured.( hypertext transfer protocol //www.who.int/inf-new/tuber2.htm )Diagram 7 Terbium instances human death rates ( % ) with or without DOTS in 2009 in China ( http //www.who.int/inf-new/tuber2.htm )Based from suit from diagrams 5, 6 and 7, it is shown that the TB intervention success rate addition with the execution of DOTS. In diagrams 5 and 6, the informations in Ecuador shows that the intervention success rate under DOTs is more than higher than those under non-DOTs by about 75 % . In diagram 7, the human death rate from TB is decrease by about 15 % if DOT is implemented. In my sentiment, DOT is effectual because most patients did non follow the physician s recommendations and they tend to bury to take medicines regularly.DOT provides a manner to guarante e that all the patients are following their medicines.( 1296words )DeductionsEconomic deductionOne economic issue that I have encountered while carry oning this research is that the under-developed states have the highest rates of TB. And they do non hold monetary support to derive entree to the antibiotic intervention. Tuberculosis ( TB ) a preventable disease linked to poverty was declared an exigency in Africa in 2005. Each twelvemonth it claims the lives of half a million Africans, many immature and in their most productive old ages. In the past 15 old ages, overall rates have doubled in Africa and tripled in high HIV countries. Africa has the highest per capital incidence of TB in the universe ( 28 % ) , with most of the worst affected states located in sub-Saharan Africa. ( African Medical and Research Foundation, 2005 )The province of exigency is a consequence of immense fiscal load of the low-income states as the interventions are time-consuming and dearly-won. Furthermor e, overcrowded country in Africa means easier transmittal of disease from individual to individual. These grounds result in more incidence of TB in Africa per twelvemonth. In my sentiment, the authorities demand to be financially stable in order to supply citizens with efficient and broad entree to intervention. governance should besides form runs to increase the consciousness towards the figure one infective disease slayer TB.( 1505words )Social deductionMany TB patients will nurse taking the medicine after several hebdomads as their symptoms are relieved. First of wholly, the drugs for TB are dearly-won. Second, they feel healthy after twosomes of month of drug intervention. If the patients did non determination the antibiotic class, possible result is some bacteriums will last and go immune to the drug and infectiousness of the patient doing continued transmittal to the community. These bacteriums will go on to multiply and can non be annihilateed by the old drug, multi-drug- resistant TB. Therefore, other more expensive drugs must be used for intervention. 6 Poverty increases the hazard of TB TB impoverishes the victims. More than 90 % of TB instances and decease occurs in low and middle-income states. ( TB Advocacy, A Practical Guide 1999, WHO Global Tuberculosis Programme, STOP TB Annual Report 2001 )The intervention of TB requires a great trade of fiscal support. The cost of the drugs and the installations merely can non be afforded by low income states. Therefore, low income states like South Africa has the most instances of TB incidence and deceases. Besides that, if a patient can non afford the medicine possible result is more plurality will be infected as TB is contagious.( 1707words )Benefits and hazardsOne of the most conspicuous benefits from antibiotics intervention for TB is that it can bring around and liberate the patients from TB. Antibiotics can kill and suppress the growing of TB bacteriums in the organic structure provided the bact eriums are non drug-resistant. Equally long as the patients complete the intervention class, there is a large possibility that he or she will retrieve from the disease. Isoniazid administered to latent infection of TB patients besides prevents the patterned advance of the active disease. The intervention besides aims to halt the infection from distributing to other people 8 .However, there are a certain side effects of the drugs. Normally, the side effects of the drugs are non common but they can be serious. Patients are recommended to confer with their doctor for any possible side effects and how to cover with them. By and large, the side effects of the interventions includes liver-colored issue ( icterus, abdominal hurting, sickness, and emesis, weariness, fever, dark piss, roseola and itchiness ) , flu-like symptoms ( febrility and icinesss, sickness, purging and musculus hurting ) , flu stain, diarrhoea and the effects may change depend on the drugs administered in the interve ntion. One of the most common used drugs, Isoniazid can hold side effects of dysarthria, crossness, ictuss, dysphoria, and inability to concentrate, fever, roseola and hepatitis. 9 10 11 12 ( 1923 words )Alternate solutionVaccineBacillus Calmette-Guerin is given during childhood as a vaccinum against TB. It is prepared from attenuated Mycobacterium bovis. The definition of vaccinum is substances that can trip and fix human immune response to specific bacteriums in the hereafter such as dead or attenuated bacteriums. A tuberculin discharge must be conducted before the individual is to be vaccinated. Merely non-reactors are given inoculation because they lack immunisation against TB. We estimated that the 100A5 million BCG inoculations given to babies in 2002 will hold prevented 29a?729 instances of TB meningitis ( 5th-95th centiles, 24a?063-36a?192 ) in kids during their first 5 old ages of life, or one instance for every 3435 inoculations ( 2771-4177 ) , and 11a?486 instance s of miliary TB ( 7304-16a?280 ) , or one instance for every 9314 inoculations ( 6172-13a?729 ) . At US $ 2-3 per dosage, BCG inoculation costs US $ 206 ( 150-272 ) per twelvemonth of healthy life gained. ( B. Trunz P. Fine C. Dye. The Lancet, Volume 367, effect 9517, Pages 1173-1180, 14 April 2006 )The monetary value of BCG is cheap 21 . Therefore, it can cost-effectively cut down the figure of TB compared to the cost of intervention. The effectuality of BCG is besides proven when it was firstly introduced into England in 1953. 13 When it was foremost introduced in 1950s, the inoculation programme has efficaciously reduced the incidence of TB by 77 % 18 21 .( 2145 words )DiagnosisTuberculin trial or Mantoux trialThe Oklahoman the disease is discovered, the Oklahoman the disease is treated, the larger the opportunity the disease can be cured and managed so that it will non conk out to others unwittingly. This is due to early sensing of disease can forestall more organic structure parts from being infected and the country of infection can be reduced. The most common method used in diagnosing of TB infection is the tuberculin trial or Mantoux trial. It uses purified protein derivative and inject 5 units of it into the cutis of a patients. 14 15 If a raised bump of more than 5mm appears at the site after 48 hours, the trial may be positive. The trial can hold false positive or false negative consequence.hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantoux_test( 2274words )Chest X rayIf the tuberculin trial shows positive consequence, confirming clinical intuition of TB can be carried out via x-ray and microbiologic scrutiny of phlegm. X-ray image of a TB patient will salute abnormalcy in mid and upper lungs Fieldss and lymph nodes might be enlarged. X-ray trial can merely propose there is TB infection but do non corroborate it.Normal chest x-ray ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.medicine.cu.edu.eg )Chest X ray of a XDR-TB patient ( hy pertext transfer protocol //www.eurosurveillance.org/images/ fighting(a)/EE/V13N30/TB_Ireland_Figure1.jpg )Sputum trial( 2428 words )hypertext transfer protocol //nursinglink.monster.com/nfs/nursinglink/attachment_images/0000/2432/SputumTest_crop380w.jpg? 1212559672Besides that, day-to-day phlegm aggregation over 3 back-to-back yearss is recommended. Sputum proving for acid-fast B is the lone trial that confirms a TB diagnosing. Sputum or other bodily secernments such as from your tummy or lung fluid can be cultured for growing of mycobacteria to corroborate the diagnosing. It may take one to three hebdomads to observe growing in a civilization, but eight to 12 hebdomads to be certain of the diagnosing.Evaluation of sourceBeginning 1I evaluated the beginning hypertext transfer protocol //www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5211a1.htm where the guideline on the intervention of the TB was published. It proved to be accurate because it matched with many other beginnings in term of inf ormation. For illustration, in the book of pharmacotherapy enchiridion used by druggist as a beginning of mention ( Barbara G. Wells Joseph T. Dipiro Terry L. Schwinghammer Cecily V. Dipiro ( 2009 ) 7th edition Pharmacotherapy Handbook. United States of America McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ) , it is found that the guideline for intervention and the doses is the same.Furthermore, the information from this web site is dependable and accurate as it was published by Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, United States of America. It is a United State federal bureau under the Department of Health and Human Services. It deeds to protect public wellness and supply information sing how to forestall and bring around diseases for the safety intents. It is non-profit based.Beginning 2Besides that, I evaluated the beginning from a journal article Pereira S.M. Dantas O.M. Ximenes R. Barreto ML. ( 2007 ) BCG vaccinum against TB its protective consequence and inoculation policies . Th e information about BCG vaccinum in this article is proven to be dependable and accurate because it matched with the beginning from hypertext transfer protocol //www.patient.co.uk/health/BCG-Immunisation.htm. Both of the beginning stated that BCG inoculation is non 100 % guaranteed protection but its high effectivity of about 80 % enable many TB instances to be prevented.( 2664 words )

Moving to United States

Moving to United States The most memorable event in my life was when we travel forbidden from Russia to a country that changes lives and is known as a dream land c each(prenominal)ed the United States of America. When we sat on the airplane that was red ink to contendd the United States in August of 2004, we knew our lives are going to be changed in the way we always wanted them to. After twelve familys of non going to school and being discriminated by Russian citizens, this moving to a new country was the most amazing, non just in my life generally, but for my good family as well.The war started in Kabul, Afghanistan in July of 1994 moving to Russia was the only choice for my family to be safe even though we knew we would face a lot of difficulties. I was only tetrad years old when my fix and my mother took me the youngest in the family at that clock judgment of conviction, three of my brothers, and two of my sisters to Moscow, Russia. On our way to the train that was goi ng toward Russia, we doomed my fourteen year old brother.This accident almost stopped us from moving out from the country, but my father made the rightfield choice either to look for his lost son or lose all of us, so we had to move on. When we finally arrived to Moscow, Russia in August of 1994, we did not exhaust any money or a place to stay. My father remembered that he had a friend who had been living in Russia for twenty years already maybe he could help us out for now to find a place to stay. He called him within three hours of our presence to Moscow and asked him if he could come and help us out.After an hour, he arrived, and he took us to his house and he was very happy of meeting my father afterward twenty years. We stayed at his house for three months. Four months later my father borrowed some money from his friend, and we opened our small business where we were selling leather jackets just to make some kind of money to eat and pay the rent. cardinal months later, my f ather tried to take us to school, but they did not accept us because we did not have any documentation that would allow us to go to school because we were illegal in the country.It was very hard and difficult for our father to see us not going to school and not fuck offting the fostering that we needed for our futures we even barely could go outside because of the citizens of that country would discriminate you and judge you by your skin color. One day my father went to the immigration concern in Moscow and asked them if we could apply for citizenship or some kind of documentation that would allow his children to go to school. The Russian immigration center denied the request at the time because of some private reason that they did not want to tell my father.Five years passed and we still could not go to public schools or be legal in the country. My father tried it again and the Russian immigration center gives us the documentation that would allow us to live in the country but i t did not allow us to go to school. Then one morning my older brother talked to my father, and he claimed that he does not want to live in Russia anymore without education and that he wants to move to Holland with his friends. My father was very upset and at the same time lost that he is right for how long are we going to be living like this.After three years of my brothers moving to Holland, my father decides to move to Sweden because that was the only country at that time that would accept immigrants and give them the right documentation to live in the country. It was very difficult for him to leave us in the country where the danger was around us every day, but he knew he must do something for his children to be able to go to school and live like the normal children do. In August of 1999 he arrived in Sweden, and the Swedish immigration center gave him temporary documentation to live in the country legally until they decide if he is eligible for citizenship.Very excited and happ y our father called us and told us that he got the documentation to be legal in the country of Sweden. When we heard that, we thought we going to move to Sweden very soon and that we going to be together, but the Swedish immigration center asked us to wait a couple of years then we might move in. We waited two years and cypher happened, our father was very sad and confused more or less what he could do now. At the same time, he knew there was zero he could do it was all up to the immigration center of Sweden to decide our future.Then one day, it was our Holliday called Eid, my mother had her friend with her children over at our house to have a dinner with us, and she told her that they are about to move to United States the next month. My mother was very happy and excited for her friend and asked her how she did it. My mother told her that my fathers had been in Sweden for five years now and still nothing was happening. My mothers friend told her she needed to apply at the United States immigration center that was located in Moscow and try to see if we would get accepted.Then the next day January of 2004 my mother and I went to the United States immigration center, and we applied for the permanent residence ship to any state. After two months, we received a call from the United States immigration center that we are scheduled for an interview we all were very excited and happy that we might move to United States, to a country that is known as the dream land and freedom. When we give our interview the person who was interviewing us asked us why we wanted to go to the United States.The outcome was very simple to all of my family it was education, freedom from being discriminated because of your skin color, and just to live in peace. After our interview, he told us, I will see you guys in America That moment was one of the best moments in my live and I do not think I could ever forget it. We all cried, and he told us it will take three months for them to do ou r paper work. When we received our plane tickets to New York, we were amazed and very excited about moving to a country where we never imagined moving in to. It was Sunday morning when we arrived in New York City International Airport.It was very hard for us to believe that this was rightfully happening to us we were in America, a place where no one hates you, a place where they will allow you to go to school, and you can be who you are. Our lives changed after arriving in San Diego California, good things started to happen in with us. When we arrived here, there was a very kind gentleman at the airport who met us. He introduced himself as our good example worker. We did not know what a case worker really meant, but what we did know that he was the only person who could help us.That very kind gentleman who was our case worker took us to school and got us an apartment. Two years later we found our brother after thirteen years who got lost at the time of our moving from Afghanistan. People have been saying that the United States of America can change peoples lives, and they were right. It changed our lives, and it is a great country where everything is possible if you try. My entire family and I always had hope in our hearts we knew nothing can be done if you do not try and if you do not have hope for a better future.

Critical analyzing of the knowledge Essay

The role of a manager slew be a mixed job and although I hire opted for five cash in ones chipsics there are m each(prenominal) more attributes to this moorage.Using my previous put throughs, various research from defends that I have have and the internet I will try to explain the rationale for my conclusions.In this essay I will look at the following five topics, Leadership, Communication, Delegation, decision Making and Support which will help conclude, in my opinion, the five close important skills required to successfully follow out the a position of a xx first century manager.These skills underpin the surviveledge and abilities which are of key importance to the pivotal role of the manager.LeadershipLeadership is about focusing on the most important resource avail fitting to them, i.e people.This process should include the development, academically and professionally of your people.It is important to encourage communication, engaging their vox populis and ideas to promote a win win situation.A manager should unceasingly motivate, encourage and promote excellent contrive, even in the most onerous circumstances.A leader must al instructions be aware of the ultimate goals of the organization, and know how their own objectives fit with them. Once these goals have been established you must ensure that your aggroup understands the direction in which they are heading and why, and the purpose of their own activities inwardly the overall plan. The ultimate objective should be broken down into attainable yet challenging goals that ideally will be inspiring and motivating for the al iodin team. Aims should also relate directly to the specific skills of the individual in spite of appearance the team. Working together towards a shared goal gives people a sense of self-will and responsibility, andbuilds an atmosphere of team spirit, (Effective leadership by Robert Heller 1999).The written text of Robert Heller exaltedlights in my opinion that either form of leadership requires strength, perseverance and devote staff to be able to fulfill a successful hitplace.By choosing the correct employees to fit to you model enables yourself time to pursue further challenges.In my experience you have to show an contribute mind even to what might appear as, most off the wall suggestion.This shows the inter soulal skills to absorb the information, have time to echo situations through and give effective feedback.This inturn promotes diversity amongst the employees that even the wildest suggestion is given time and thought.This objective mien of empowering employees give optimistic vibes to each and every employee whatever their job role within the company or organization may be.With this in mind you whoremonger gain valuable commitment and work from the most un-co-operative people.Without creation a positive open minded leader of peoples thoughts and ideas it is impossible to deliver results by which every leader is judged.A quote which sums this up is,In fact, Leaders that go from vertical to great start not with where but with who. They start by acquiring the right people on the bus, the wrong people off the bus, and the right people in the right seats.. First the people so the direction (Jim Collins, Educational Quotes for the 21 Century)This quote confirms to me the important role each person has in a well run, successful organization.Without this and total co-operation from all parts of the company, from senior management to the youngest most inexperienced person, failure would not be long from coming.CommunicationThe art of communication can be a very complex situation unless stairs are taken beforehand to ensure any messages relayed from higher management are correctly and concisely passed on in a positive manner.In my experience as a manager previously I have taken steps to prepare exactly what I was going to say in a manner which was clear, understandable, concise but most importantly which ha d enough open ended opportunitys for two way discussions enabling myself to perceive and give every opportunity for even negative feedback to be viewed as an opportunity for improvement.In my first few months as a manager within my company a position to which I was promoted from the shop floor, I was evaluate by the other employees to be able to change all forms of workmanship problems, health and safety issues, right down to the microwave being broken.I had up to then been part of a work force that had so bitterly complained of deprivation of information.My first steps were to gain place from higher management to show I was as astute as previous managers and capable of moving on in a way which gave me time to bond as a manager with the employees and gain valuable experience in the role from which I was expected to get results from.My winning formula was simple to put together a feedback questionnaire which involved everyone from the site leader to the cleaner.Each person was g iven 25 questions, rough relevant, some comical and some which I thought were burning issues.All I asked from the employees was for the questionnaires to be filled outwith honesty.I requested any feedback, positive or negative be given in such a way which could be an opportunity for the company to move forward.The questionnaires themselves were voluntary and anonymous in case employees feared there would be reprisals later.My next step was to get the 6 team leaders to put the questionnaires together in bar graphs, to offset a negative thought of management fiddling the results to look good for them.The findings were presented in an open meeting of 75 employees, which just coincidently fell at the resembling time as the area manager being on site looking at our set up.The outcome even surpassed my widest dreams, Ideas were given time and place, open discussions followed on subjects which some of the other managers were unaware of.But most importantly as a result of my actions a d iscussion group was formed which consisted of one manager, three employees, two team leaders and most importantly one of the junior employees the cleaner.All this led to a positive communication line from top to bottom.Everyone now felt they had as much responsibility as the next person, views were discussed openly, and problems dealt with by everybody.My ideas had ultimately been successful with some of the ideas being transferred into cost cutting and work improvement measures.One of my most positive actions was to get the microwave fixed.This gave me a foot into the door of management while successfully putting myknowledge of frustrations of preceding years on the shop floor into good use.I learnt it is far better to listen and communicate then in a real way rather than pay lip service only.Action speaks louder than words.DelegationDelegation is probably one of the most arduous things a manager or leader has to do. Balancing the work load, too little and the person loses interes t, too much and the person cannot successfully achieve the desired results for which you are looking for.And the reason for delegation?As a manager it is impossible to achieve everything yourself.You also need the support of subordinates(Team leaders, Supervisors) to process daily routines maybe now not on the top of your list, such as team meetings, daily forecasting, filling out of charts and overall managing of a team environment but yet pivotal to the success of your company.This also empowers employees to show their leadership qualities and the effectiveness of their skills.Choosing the right person to delegate to is vitally important.They have to have the knowledge, skills, motivation and be given sufficient time to be able to fulfill the tasks you are asking them to do.At most times these skills are not most openly visible so you have to choose the person you aspect has the necessary intelligence and willingness to move up within your organization.With this you also have to give support, guidance and time to fulfill your expectations.The best way to achieve this would be to give smaller less important tasks to start with to build the persons confidence, monitor the results, and gradually increase the level of responsibility so that the persons powers of judgement increase with the more demanding work load you require from them.Delegation not only helps you get your work done it can be used to improve your subordinates performance and therefore your trust in their ability to carry out more responsible work. Instruction training and development are part of the process of delegation. (How to be an even better Manager Sixth Edition, Michael Armstrong 2004)As I mentioned previously my early daylights of Management were extremely testing trying to find the right balance surrounded by c erstntrating on my new duties and trying to also hit production targets with ever changing goal posts.My attitude at first was to complete my work load given to me by my Man ager then spend four more extra hours of the day completing work which I had left behind to make the transition.I was wrong, but this carried on until I was asked to attend a managers course in the Lake DistrictIt was basically 6 people from different backgrounds all sent on a course which fundamentally had the same out come whatever we were doing.Each day had a specific task, leading, assessing, team building, support and guidance and funny enough delegation. Each day a different person had to lead the task and by coincidence I had the day which turned out to be delegation.The task was for me to play draughts, I was in the control tower, and I had two people in a shed with whom my only contact was through a two way radio, and three people on the board moving the pieces.Initially my thought was to quickly make up a board with 64 squares and make my moves using this board and by radioing my moves to the two people in theshed who would then run to the other three people who would mak e the move. They would then radio to me my competitors move and so on.My problem was I was still thinking of work and how if a problem arose I would try solving it myself, but what a big mistake.The game had a limit of 15 minutes and although I had thought my ingenious way of winning was superb I was ultimately beaten by blind foolishness, stubbornness and of course lack of delegation skills.It wasnt till afterwards I realized how easy it would have been to let the two people in the shed co-ordinate with the three people on the board to go a winning formula.It was a valuable lesson learnt and one I didnt dither on too much when I returned to work, I used it to my gain and re-assessed my team leaders performances and gave them new responsibilities which increased my time for more demanding business issues of which my new position entailed.Decision MakingDecision qualification is about thinking out a problem or situation, working out possible causes of c erstrns and making the cor rect choice or option.A decision is a judgement. It is a choice between alternatives. It is rarely a choice between right or wrong. It is the best choice between almost right and probably wrong- but more a lot a choice between two courses of action neither of which is probably more nearly right than the other (Peter Drucker, The Effective Executive, 1967)Every good Leader can expect praise by making decisive decisions based on the information gathered at any given time although census shows making excellent decisions is generally based on two or more conflicting disagreements, this enables the Leader to gauge opinion, have time to access the information and slide by with the best course of action.Many rules have been written about the best way to proceed when making thebest decision but from my experience getting the best answers means possibly accumulating five or six different reasoning processes and making the correct one, which I have listed below.Based on this way of thinking decisions depart easier as time goes by, but as a leader you must have the confidence to implement and stand by your decisions.SupportAll good managers only become great leaders by entrusting the support of the work force of which they have been chosen to lead and visa versa.Experience tells me that trust can be very difficult to build and very easy to lose, as many employees have a them and us attitude towards management, so building trust can also bring loyalty amongst your workforce towards you.Building the initial trust is a very difficult thing to achieve as you have to prove your support towards them This can be achieved by reassuring them you have no hidden agendas, and continually keeping them up to date on any information that affects them and keeping promises when made.Providing the workforce with the equipment and resources to succeed in their job also enlists support from them as well as recognizing successful targets achieved, this can be a motivator in itself.By appr aising individuals and teams in successful target achievements with anaudience present can build a confidence within that teamUsing the team to present the results through interaction reinforces their stature of a job well done.Some mistakes are undoubtedly bound to happen in a high pressure situation where targets are hard to achieve but making sure any reprimand serious or not is made on a one to one basis is criticalThis does not undermine the individual or their performance but can be used as a learning curve on the way to build positives from a negative situation.Being a supportive leader means addressing all kinds of situations.I once had an employee who had just gone through a separation from his wife, was only seeing and visiting his children once a fortnight and was hitting the drink in such a manner that I had to warn him of his behaviour towards other employees around him.We both decided that visiting the dedicated counsellor was imperative and I took neighboring(a) acti on and drove him there the same day and waited for the session to end. I didnt have to stay but I felt responsible for his offbeat as a valued member of my team.It took many more sessions for him to finally turn his life around and get on the straight and narrow once again and finally earn some respect from his co-workers, but he managed to stand up in front of them and apologise for the sometimes meaningless disruptions he may have caused.Although I dealt with it in a sympathetic manner and got him the help he required, he was fully aware of the consequences of me assisting him instead of neglecting the situation and throwing the book at him.Sometime later he moved on to be one of my trusted team leaders.I truly learnt the difference between being a manager and a leader in those few weeks. As a manager you are asked to look after the business side ofthings, targets goals etc and as a leader you have to look after people and the daily roles of different personalities.Combining both makes you a stronger more competent person able to adapt to any given situation.ConclusionTo be successful as a Manager and leader in my opinion you have to have a work range that compares to a Politician and a Football Manager.As a politician you have to be diplomatic when required often in difficult situations, be able to judge and compare when best to communicate sensitive information and of course when to lead.Where as a football manager chooses his squad, puts his players in the best position for him and the team and is judged by results.Both these professions need dedicated people to run them and committed people to assist and participate wholeheartedly.In each case knowing the objectives, goals, targets, providing direction and facilitating change, enables the Manager a platform in which he can be competent to achieve the desired outcome which the position requires.Essentially Management is about setting out what work to do and getting it done through the co-operation of peo ple to achieve thisRealise that the greatest asset is the co-operation and dedication of your staff.I hope my essay sheds some insight into the way I feel a manager of the 21st century should conduct themselves to become a successful part of their organization.BibliographyTeach yourself Leadership, Catherine Doherty and John Thompson, Hodder Education, 338 Euston Road, London 2007.On Leadership, Allan Leighton with Teena Lyons, Random House business books,20 Vauxhall Bridge Road, London 2007.The Rules of Work, Richard Templar, Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh Gate, Harlow 2003.How to be an even better Manager, Michael Armstrong, Kogan Page, 120 Pentonville Road, London 2004.Effective Leadership, Robert Heller, Dorling Kindersley, 80 Strand, London 1999.Modern Management, Siobhan Tiernan, Michael j. Morley, Edel Foley, Gill and Macmillan Ltd, Hume Avenue, Park West, Dublin 12, 2006.The Effective Executive, Peter Drucker, Heinemann, London 1967.www.leading-learning.co.nz/famous-q uotes

African Americans in the Civil War

Roman Robinson Kristen Anderson HIST 3060 February 25, 13 African the Statesns and the Civil fight The role African Americans played in the outcome, and the road to the outcome of the Civil War was immense. The fact that the second had slaves and the north did non played an enormous role in the issues. The north wanted to abolish slavery, and the south did not and after the fight offshooted this became one of the main reasons for the Civil War. Since most African Americans could not read or write, this made them an easy target, for slavery, against the dominant whiten man.Once the slaves got to America they started to realize how lots trouble they were actu in ally in. The north and the south had a problem brewing, and that was due to the slave uprisings and the run a ways. African Americans played an enormous role in the outcome of the Civil War because of the part they took in it. The civil war, which took place from 1861 to the 1920s, the African American community made trem endous strides toward them becoming apart of America and equals in America. Since they had been controlled by the power of the whites for so long, their independence was extremely unfamiliar to them, with their new emancipation.Since they were so uncertain, they debated to the highest degree the most effect way to go about actually receiving the rights they deserved. They did not entirely want to be inferior Negros. Some African Americans thought the actual approach would be to go along with the manageable status the whites held them to, so they could earn their respect until fairness pervaded. Others were more wishful with their thinking and thought the soldiers would make whites birth and surpass dispiriteds their basic rights. Those who were in prison term they are thought that no progress would ever come.These blacks decided that it was es displaceial to escape the shackles and cruel attitudes toward blacks. The civil war initially began to save the coalescency. At the start of the war slave masters were terribly scared that the slaves would run to join the Union and help the war efforts. To subsidize the problem, most declareer en squeeze raspy restrictions on their slaves. Some owners tied(p) moved their whole plantations inland to avoid any contact with the out nerve northerners. This did not stop the slaves one bit though, this just caused more slave to flee to the north. The slaves that did decide to stay just demanded more freedom from their masters.Some would say the ones that stayed even gained more power this forced their masters to give them offerings in exchange for work. The issues of emancipation and military service were intertwined from almost the beginning of the war. News from Fort Sumter made African Americans rush to enlist in military units. They were all turned away since there was a law dating from 1792 that kept African Americans from joining the U. S. army. In Boston disappointed African Americans met and passed a resol ution that requested the Government to modify its laws to permit them to enlist. Then Lincolns Second Confiscation Act was passed.The act stated that, Confederates who did not surrender with in sixty days of the acts passage were to be punished by having their slaves freed. The Militia Act was also passed. This act stated African Americans were allowed to fight in the war. These two acts together thoroughly punished rebel slaveholders. The African Americans that enlisted both fought in the front lines and worked behind the scenes labor traffics. All these rights that the African Americans were receiving inspired them to lead home and free their families and friends. Some of them even started living in the plantations that they used to be slaves of.They took them over and began their own cropping. Some of the other plantations had been left to older disabled white woman, when the men had left for the Confederate army. All of this led to the separation of slave labor in the south A fter trying terribly straining to keep the issue of slavery out of the war, the North decided to start enlisting African Americans to help them fight in the war. The Fifty-Fourth regiment was created by the Union Army, and was the only all black unit. This Union in particular contributed to the war efforts of the North and showed a new found power among blacks.The regiment started when John Andrew sent a request to the secretary of war, Edwin Stanton, to create a volunteer regiment of African Americans (3). African Americans from all over the country joined. To help recruit even further they called for help from African American leaders like, Frederick Douglas and William Wells Brown. In just two months over one thousand African Americans, one from at least every state, had enlisted in the regiment. The leader of the regiment would not be black though, they wanted the superior officer to have some certain credentials.The job description posted read Young Man of Military Experience Of firm antislavery principles, ambitious, Superior to the vulgar contempt of color Having Faith in the force of colored men for military purpose (2) The man picked for the job was Robert Shaw. The African American regiment and their captain set off for Beaufort, South Carolina on whitethorn 28, 1863 (1). They were to attack Fort Wagner, which was a vital key to Charleston. They only way to storm the fort was to go through loads and loads of Confederates. The sheer surface of the Confederates to the Fifty- Fourth regiment was an obstacle in itself.The regiment knew the amount of obstacles they would have to overcome to achieve a victory and yet they kept marching. Shaw and a fewer men marched to the top of the parapet, and there Shaw was shot and killed. Though this was almost a complete disaster for the regiment they had set a path for future African American soldiers. Frederick Douglas said, Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letter, U. S. , let him get an eag le on his button, and a musket on his lift and bullets in his pocket, there is no power on earth that can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship. One thousand seventy-nine African Americans had served in the Civil War. They served in both the U. S. Army and about two thousand served in the Navy. By the time the war was over, forty thousand had died in battle and thirty thousand had died of disease and infection. African American soldiers performed all the jobs needed to run an army. They also served as carpenters, chaplains, cooks, guards, laborers, nurses, scouts, spies, steamboat pilots, surgeons, and teamsters (4). There were nearly 80 black commissioned officers (4). Harriet Tubman was the most famous spy she served for the 2nd South Carolina Volunteers.Tubman decided to help the Union Army because she wanted freedom for all of the people who were forced into slavery, not just the few she could help by herself. And she convinced many other brave African Americans to j oin her as spies, even at the try of being hanged if they were caught (4). Among Harriet Tubman were many other African American women who served as nurses, spies and scouts. Although, no women were allowed to formally join the army. When black troops were captured by the confederate soldiers, they faced harsher punishments than the white troops.In 1863 the Confederate Congress threatened to punish officers of African American troops and enslave the African Americans, if they were captured. As a result of this, President Lincoln issued world-wide Order 233, which threatened payback on Confederate prisoners of war, if they mistreated African American troops. This order did scare the Confederates a little, but African American soldiers were even-tempered treated harsher than whites. In one of the worst examples of this abuse, Confederate soldiers shot to death black Union soldiers, captures at Fort Pillow, TN, in 1864().Confederate General Nathan B. Forrest witnessed it all and did nix to stop it. The President, Abraham Lincoln, issued the emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. This proclamation eventually led to the freedom of all slaves. The document officially made free all bondsmen in the areas of the Confederacy that were excuse in rebellion. Slavery although was not abolished in the Border States, Tennessee, or the Union occupied areas of Louisiana and Virginia. The proclamation only affected the states in rebellion, so after the efforts it didnt actually free any slaves.On the other hand, it did strengthen the Northern war efforts, because they knew they were fighting for a cause. Over five deoxycytidine monophosphate thousand slaves had escaped to the North by the end of the civil war. Many of the escapees joined the Union Army, which tremendously increased its power. As a result of the Emancipation Proclamation, the thirteenth Amendment was created. The Amendment created on December 18, 1865, legally freed all slaves still in bondage. The final step the Emancipation Proclamation was to depress England and France from arriving to the war on the side of the South.England and France wanted to enter the war on the South side, because the South had supplied them both with cotton and tobacco. England and Frances stance changed when they heard that the war had changed to a fight over slavery. two nations were opposed to slavery, so ended up giving their support to the Union. That led to the winning of the fight for freedom. Juneteenth was the day created to celebrate the emancipation, when the slaves heard about it that midsummer. The holiday is still celebrated today. Abraham Lincoln said, A house divided against itself cannot stand.I believe this government cannot endure permanently half-slave and half-free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved. I do not expect the house to fall, but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. (3) African Americans along with the rest of t he Union were fighting for this freedom and equality that Abraham Lincoln, was talking about. African American contributions were not limited to the role of working the fields in the south or supplying labor for industry in the north.Many African Americans in both south and north participated in either direct or supporting roles in the military. The War Between the States proved to be a war fought for democracy. The liberation that the slaves had been waiting for, recovered the ideas that founded the United States of America. All men were equal under the law. Since, the African Americans made such a persistent effort the changes were made more quickly. Africans pushed for their own emancipation by resisting their masters and other labor tasks.Although a formal Emancipation Proclamation and Thirteenth Amendment freed blacks in America, it would be a long time before they received all the rights they deserved. The minds of Americans had been so engrained with racism only decades of ha rd work would lessen this. Works Cited 1) Freeman, Elsie, Wynell Burroughs Schamel, and Jean West. The Fight for Equal Rights A Recruiting notification for Black Soldiers in the Civil War. Social Education 56, 2 (February 1992) 118-120. 2) Blacks in the Civil War. . Colorado College. Web. 3 Mar 2013.

Beacon Hill coursework

beacon cumulation is a mysterious feature that has baffled experts for many years and still no hotshot has found a true answer. In this part of coursework I am going to investigate wherefore beacon light hummock was create. radio beacon Hill is a man made mound which is situated in Wollaston in Northamptonshire. There atomic number 18 4 diametrical theories for what pharos Hill could be these atomic number 18 a Bronze age lawn cart, a romish Specula, a 12th atomic number 6 motte and bailey castle and a sign wholeing station of the time of the Spanish Armada. The Bronze Age barrow is a man made mound of st nonpareil, wood or earth piled over the rest of the dead. roman letters Specula were fortresses used to protect themselves and their allies. A 12th ascorbic acid motte and bailey castle was a simple castle made out of earth and wood. The signalling station was the way that England could warn the rest of the country that the Spanish Armada was coming. In this piece of coursework I will analyse a series of microbes relating to Beacon Hill and what it could be. After analysing the turn up I will reach a conclusion to what I think Beacon Hill is based on the designate.Bronze Age barrows are man made mounds of st matchless, wood, or earth piled up over the remains of the dead, especially important people. Often possessions would alike be buried. Bronze Age barrows were built between 2000BC and 1000BC. There are 3 starts that condescend the system of Beacon Hill world a Bronze Age barrow. Source 1 supports this scheme, this is a article in a local anesthetic anesthetic newspaper authorise Its your crossroads Wollaston. in addition lineage 2 supports this theory, this is a history support called Wollaston written by a local historian.The last get-go that supports this theory is line of descent 5, point of reference 5 is a vicars opinion. These sources both gull reasons why they are and arent reliable. Firstly I am going to discus s why the sources are reliable. Also source 2 shares a similar strength by the fact that it is written by a local historian, so he is possible to evaluate all the evidence and he also knows the area well. Another common factor between source 1 and 2 are that they are local articles, single a history book and the other a newspaper. They are sharing local friendship, so that they are unlikely to lie.Source 2 is also genuinely reliable because he cross-references with sources 3 and 7, so this shows that they deport researched their information and are much likely to be right. Source 5 is very reliable because vicars are honest, he has an expertise in Bronze Age barrows, so he is likely to recognise a Bronze Age barrow and he is a local resident so he is likely to know the area well. All these sources bring flunkes and one weakness common in all of them is that they have no clear load-bearing(a) evidence to the theory of Beacon Hill being a Bronze Age barrow.Source 1 and 5 both proficient want it to be a Bronze Age barrow to make the village more iconic. Source 1 and 2 also have a weakness in common and that is that the answer is not pointed at the Bronze Age barrow. In source 5 the vicar could be sloping towards it being Bronze Age barrow because he is interested in Bronze Age barrows and might exactly really want one near where he lives. I think it is very unlikely that Beacon Hill is a Bronze Age barrow because in that location is no clear evidence supporting this theory e. g. no bones. The sources supporting this theory are very weak sources with an extreme lack of evidence. papist Speculas were built between 43AD and 407AD. roman print Speculas were built as fortresses used to protect the Romans and their allies (friendly native tribes) against those tribes who were their enemies. There are 5 sources that support this theory source 2 a history book called Wollaston, source 6 is a book called The Natural History of Northamptonshire, source 7 whic h is a extract from a book The Annals of Wollaston and lastly source 9 which is an inventory of the Historical Monuments in the County of Northamptonshire Volume 2 Archaeological sites in Central NorthamptonshireAll the sources supporting Beacon Hill being a Roman Specula contain strengths and weaknesses, I am going to start by saying the strengths. A strength of source 6 and 7 is that they are both antiquarians, which is a person fascinated with the remains of ancient people like the Romans, this is very reliable because they are likely to recognise a Roman Specula. A different strength, provided a very similar strength to the one I discussed before is that source 2 and 8 are both written by local historians, this is very reliable because they are likely to evaluate all the evidence and they know the area well.Also source 7 shows that they know a lot closely Wollaston, this is also very reliable because it shows that they know that area well. Source 9 has a few lone rough streng ths as it is an actual be given of historical monuments, so it is fact. Also it has found evidence at an archaeological site, so the evidence is extremely reliable and hasnt been tampered with. Another of its strength is that it is detailed evidence from Roman times, which means it is primary evidence.Source 2 is also very reliable because it cross-references between 2 other sources which shows he has researched his information and is more likely to be true if it fits in with the other sources. Source 8 has a strength in the fact that they found physical evidence (probably a Roman jab and spearhead), this is very reliable because it shows that Romans probably were in Wollaston. Source 9 shares a very a similar strength to the one I have just discussed because it has actual evidence that the Romans were living near Wollaston.The reason this makes source 9 more reliable is that it shows for definite that Romans were living near Wollaston. The three sources 6, 7 and 8 all have a stre ngth common in them, this is that they all have evidence to support the theory of Beacon Hill being a Roman Specula and they explain exactly why the evidence points towards Beacon Hill being a Roman Specula. This makes these 3 sources very reliable because they actually say why Beacon Hill is a Roman Specula.Source 8 also has some lonesome strengths, these are it is written by a published author, this is extremely reliable because a published author writing slightly history is very unlikely to be just making it up. Also source 8 isnt a written by an antiquarian so he isnt biased for it being a Roman Specula. Finding out that somewhat the Coritani tribe shows that they have done research, this is very reliable because it shows that they have researched thither information so it is more likely to be true.The language used in source 8 also gives a definite answer, this makes it more reliable because it shows that they believe without a doubt that Beacon Hill was a Roman Specula. st raightaway I have finished discussing the strengths I will now discuss the weaknesses in the sources. A weakness found in sources 2, 8 and 9 is that there is no clear evidence to support the theory of Beacon Hill being a Roman Specula. Source 7 gives evidence why Beacon Hill is a Roman Specula, the reason why this makes it less reliable is that the evidence given doesnt definitely prove that Beacon Hill was a Roman Specula.Source 8 has a different weaknesses to the one I have just discussed but very similar, the first one is the evidence of the spearhead and knife being found there, no one knows for sure if these are Roman or they could have just been moved there from somewhere else, the other one is that the Roman nettle found growing there could have spread from somewhere else. A lonesome weakness in source 2 is that the local historian is biased against it being Roman, this makes the source extremely unreliable because he has already decided against it being a Roman Specula befor e evaluating the evidence.Also source 9 has a couple of lonesome weaknesses, these are that it doesnt give actual reference to Beacon Hill and the other weakness is that the Roman road doesnt go through Wollaston, this shows that the Romans were near Wollaston but there is no proof that they were actually in Wollaston. Source 6 and 7 share a common weakness in that both the sources are written by a antiquarian, this makes the source slightly less reliable because they are biased towards it being a Roman Specula.Source 8 shares a very similar weakness to the one I have just discussed because the author might have read antiquarian sources, this makes the sources less reliable because the antiquarian sources could have been biased towards Beacon Hill being a Roman Specula. I think there is a good chance that Beacon Hill was a Roman Specula because there is lots of evidence to support this theory. The sources are also reliable because they are from history books and a collide withicia l inventory.Motte and bailey castles were built in the 12th century. These were castles made of earth and wood which were relatively quick and easy to build. There are 4 sources that support the theory of Beacon Hill being a 12th century motte and bailey castle. The first source to support this theory is a local newspaper article entitled Its your village Wollaston . The second source to support this theory is a diagram of a typical motte and bailey castle from a school history text book.The 3rd theory to support this theory is a report on excavations of Beacon Hill carried out by a local archaeologist. The last source to support the theory of Beacon Hill being a motte and bailey castle is an extract from The Anglo Saxon Chronicle transcription events of King Stephens reign 1135 1154. These 4 sources supporting the theory of Beacon Hill being a 12th century motte and bailey castle all have reasons why they are reliable and why they arent reliable. To start off with I am going to say why the sources are reliable.Source 1 and 12 both have one common factor of why they are reliable and this is because they both say the right time for motte and bailey castles and also they say the right king of the time. This makes the sources very reliable because it shows they know their history. Source 1 also has a couple of lonesome strengths, the first one is that it is in a local newspaper, this makes the source very reliable because it is sharing local knowledge and is unlikely to lie. The second strength is that it is by a life long local resident, this is reliable because they are likely to know the area well.Source 10 strengths are that it is in a school history text book, this makes the source more reliable because it teachers young people so it is more likely to be true. The other strength is that it is a accurate picture of a motte and bailey castle, this makes the source very reliable because it shows that its knowledge of what motte and bailey castles looked like is correct. Source 11 also has some individual strengths, firstly the source is by a local archaeologist, this makes the source more reliable because archaeologists are likely to examine all the evidence and lessen up with an unbiased answer.Also this source is reliable because the archaeologist has come up with evidence to support his theory, this being the 12th century pottery propel down, also that there was a building on top of the hill, the hill was man-made and that the hill was the right height for a motte and bailey castle. Lastly source 12 has some lonesome strengths, firstly is that it is 1st hand experience (a primary source), this makes the source very reliable because it was written at the time of motte and bailey castle were built so they are likely to know what was happening around that time.Also it was kept by monks so it is reliable because they dont lie. Also it shows the need for castles at that time, this makes the source more reliable because it proves that c astles were needed around that time. Now I have finished discussing why the sources supporting the theory of Beacon Hill being a 12th century motte and bailey castle are reliable, I will now discuss why the sources are unreliable. The sources 10 and 12 both have one common unreliable element in that both of them dont actually refer to Beacon Hill being a 12th century motte and bailey castle.Source 1 also has a very similar weakness in that it doesnt give any evidence towards why Beacon Hill is a 12th century motte and bailey castle. In source 1 the paper might wanting to make the town more iconic, this makes the source less reliable because they could just want it to be a 12th century motte and bailey castle and not actually believe it is. In source 11 the reason this source is less reliable is that just finding some 12th century pottery doesnt mean the mound was built at the same time.Also in source 11 the local archaeologist might be biased towards it being a 12th century motte an d bailey castle, this makes the source less reliable because he might only invite it from one point of view, this being that Beacon Hill is a 12th century motte and bailey castle. The last unreliable element in source 11 is that it says that masses of rubble thrown down, this makes the source a little unreliable because rubble would be less likely for a 12th century motte and bailey castle, it would more likely to be wood.The last unreliability is that in source 12 it is written by monks, this makes the source slightly less reliable because monks dont travel so they wouldnt have been able to see where the motte and bailey castles were built. I think it is likely that Beacon Hill was a 12th century motte and bailey castle because there is lots of evidence to support this theory. Three of the sources used to support this theory are reliable because they are from a history book, a local archaeologists excavation and a recording of events kept by monks.The other source isnt as reliabl e because it is someones opinion. Signalling stations were at the time of the Spanish Armada in 1588. When the Spanish Armada (ship) were close to England the signalling stations were shipway of sending a warning across the country. A series of large beacons (bonfires) were built on hill tops so that when they were lit the smoke could be seen a long way off. Each beacon was lit in turn as the smoke from its nearest neighbour became visible.There are deuce sources that support this theory source 1 which is article from the Wellingborough Evening Telegraph newspaper entitled Its your village Wollaston and source 2 which is from a history book Wollaston written by a local historian. These two sources both have strengths and weaknesses of why they are reliable. To start of with I am going to talk about there strengths. Source 1 is reliable because it is by a local resident so he is likely to know the area well and also he gives reasons to support his theory of Beacon Hill being a sign alling station in that it is high up.Also source 1 is reliable because it is in a local newspaper so they are sharing local knowledge and are unlikely to lie. The reasons source 2 is reliable is that it is by a local historian so he is likely to know the area well, also he is likely to evaluate all the evidence, the other strength to the source is that it cross-references with source 3 showing that he has researched his information and if more than one source fit together the more likely they are to be true. To have intercourse this section of the theory of Beacon Hill being a signalling station I will now discuss the reasons why the sources supporting this theory are unreliable.Both the sources share one common element of unreliability in that the both have no clear supporting evidence for it being a signalling station. Source 2 shares a very similar weakness to the one I have just discussed in that it doesnt actually give an answer of what Beacon Hill could be, it just discusses the possibilities of what it could be. In source 1 the paper could just want to make the town more iconic, this makes the source unreliable because they could be biased and publish the opinions of what the editor wants Beacon Hill to be.Lastly source 2 is unreliable because he is biased against it being Roman, this makes the sources less reliable because before he evaluates all the evidence he is already biased against one of the theories. I think the chance that Beacon Hill was a signalling station isnt that likely because there is hardly any evidence to support this theory, but this could be because all the evidence has been destroyed. The two sources supporting this theory arent that reliable as one is just someones opinion and the other just mentions it as a possible theory.For the final part of this piece of coursework I will write a conclusion about what I think Beacon Hill is. The theory of Beacon Hill being a Bronze Age barrow is the weakest theory as the sources I have gain ed have no reason behind why Beacon Hill could be a Bronze Age barrow. The sources either mention it as a possible theory or it is someones opinion without evidence. The second theory of Beacon Hill being a signalling station is more likely but still isnt that likely.The sources supporting this theory have no substantial evidence for Beacon Hill being a signalling station, but unlike the Bronze Age barrow theory there is a reason of why Beacon Hill is a signalling station. Also there is a possible explanation of why there is no evidence for Beacon Hill being a signalling station and that is that all the evidence would have been destroyed. The third theory of Beacon Hill being a 12th century motte and bailey castle is the second most likely theory because this theory has evidence and reason why Beacon Hill was this.The last theory of Beacon Hill being a Roman Specula is the most likely out of the theories because there is lots of evidence of why Beacon Hill was a Roman Specula. Beaco n Hill could have been anyone of these theories, but it also could have been used for more than one of these theories or even none of these theories and been something else. However with a lack of sources and bias of some of the sources it makes it impossible to know what Beacon Hill was and until some new evidence is discovered Beacon Hills former(prenominal) will remain a mystery.

Appropriate Classroom Behavior for Young Children Essay

Planning an effective schoolroom environment includes structuring the physical arrangement of the schoolroom to increase appropriate behaviors, such as engagement, and decrease the probability of challenging behaviors. There are different strategies for structuring the physical classroom include arranging the classroom to ensure visual monitoring of children, arranging activity centers to support childrens appropriate behaviors (e.g., limiting the number of children in a center) and facilitating smooth transitions among activities (e.g., organizing The location of materials on shelves), and arranging materials in the classroom to promote engagement, mastery, and independence (Lawry, J., Danko, C., & Strain, P. (1999). When a childs independence is increased, it builds their confidence and is this is less carely to create challenging behavior.Children like certainty When teachers begin to create the daily schedule of the classroom, they should consider different factors. For exampl e, going over numbers, alphabets, or even reviewing the story for the day should most liable(predicate) be done in the morning rather than the afternoon because children are more alert then.Children need to learn how to work and cooperate with one another. battleful behavior can be seen in the way in which some children express their anger or frustration over a situation (Gable, R. A. 2004). However, it is not acceptable classroom behavior. Children need to understand that using words instead of actions is the more effective way of communicating their feelings. When children become aggressive its usually because they struggle socially.Contributing FactorsThe fact that Ron was moved from one classroom environment to another played a major part on his challenging behavior. unthought change in routine for children can cause a child to act out and become defiant. When students know what routine to expect, they are more believably to feel that they are in control of their environmen t which reduces misbehavior in the classroom (Brown, W.H., Odom, S.L., & Conroy, M.A. 2001). Another thing thatcontributed in Rons challenging behavior is his suddenly attention span. Having short attention span can come from various of things such as the childs desk placed where theres tough activity going on in the classroom or ADHD.StrategiesTo address Rons behavior, I allow first implement classroom rules and procedures. I will go back to the beginning of the school year and follow those same procedures as I did with the other students and share them with Ron as well. The second thing is that I will place Ron where there is less distraction going on to keep him focused and from distraction. By doing this, I will decrease his chance of misbehaving. If he has nothing around to distract him, hes more than likely to pay attention to whats going on at his desk or on the carpet.ReferencesLawry, J., Danko, C., & Strain, P. (1999). ExaminingThe role of the classroom environment in th e preventionof problem behaviorsGable, R. A. (2004). School-wide positive discipline.Richmond, VA Virginia Department of EducationBrown, W.H., Odom, S.L., & Conroy, M.A. (2001). Anintervention hierarchy for promoting preschool childrenspeer interactions in cancel environments. Topics in EarlyChildhood Special Education, 21, 90 134

D’Leon Inc. Case Study Essay

DLeon Incorporated is a small food manufacturing business that specializes in high-quality pecan and other nut products sold in the snack-foods commercialize. In 2004, DLeons president, Al Watkins, decided to undertake a major involution to become more competitive within their market. The following report describes some of the financial effects that this expansion has had on the caller-out.DLeon began its expansion by double its plant capacity, opening new gross revenue offices, and investing in an expensive advertising campaign. Watkins felt that they had superior products to the competition and that he could charge a exchange premium price for their products to result in increased sales, gelts, and investment go with price. The results, however, were unsatisfactory. Sales were below and be were above all initial projections. These results accommodate raised questions astir(predicate) the expansion and to a fault caused business sector among the Board of Directors and th e major sh arholders about the future of the comp any(prenominal).Part I of this report analyzes DLeons financial statements from 2004 and 2005. It describes some of the effects of the expansion on the financials of the play along and some of the problems that have arisen with their latest financial position. cabbage operational profit change magnitude, but operating working capital and total operating capital have shown increases. Sales had a considerable increase, but net income decreased. DLeons financials also indicated a decrease in interchange combine due to the lodge spending more bullion than they were taking in. These changes ar subsequently resulting in decreased stock prices and a deteriorating financial position which is concerning both management and divideholders.Part II of this report discusses the ratio abstract of DLeons financial statements. It begins by explaining the louver major categories of financial ratios Liquidity, Asset Management, Debt Manage ment, Profitability, and marketplace judge. While most of the 2005 ratios have shown significant declines and are below patience averages, the 2006 projections look promising for the club and are showing significant increases. Part II continues with a discussion of some of the limitations of financial ratios as comparison to a faultls and concludes with a brief discussion of DLeons credit issues and asummary of the companys 2006 projections.It is recommended that DLeon Inc. conduct in-depth financial research and perform an extensive ratio analysis of their financial position before deciding to undergo any further expansions. Doing this could greatly help the managers in their decision-making and aide in determining the effects of any future expansions on the financial stability of the company.SalesIn addition to expanding the company, DLeons president, Al Watkins, felt that the companys products were of a higher quality than the competitions and that he could charge a premium price, resulting in greatly increased sales and profits. Following the expansion, DLeon did see a sales increase of $2,602,000 , a 75.8% increase everywhere the previous year. Even though the company did experience a sales increase, liabilities such as accounts and notes payable increased, resulting in decreased profits.Net operate Profit after TaxesNet Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT) is a companys after-tax operating profit for all investors, including shareholders and debt holders. NOPAT represents the companys operating profit that would accrue to shareholders if the company had no debt. Unfortunately, due the increased debt and liabilities associated with the expansion, DLeons NOPAT experienced a significant decrease of 168.8% from $114,257 to -$78,569.Net Operating Working CapitalNet Operating Working Capital (NOWC) is a financial metric representing the amount of day-by-day operating liquidity available to a business. NOWC is calculated by subtracting a companys non- oc cupy bearing online liabilities from their current assets. An increase in working capital indicates that the business has either increased current assets by receiving cash or other current assets, or has decreased current liabilities, by possibly paying off some short-term creditors. As a result of DLeons increased sales from the expansion, the company has experienced an increase in NOWC from $842,400 to $913,042. This is an increase of about 8.4%. This increase is good because its a positive indicator that the bulletproof is able to continue its operations and that it has sufficient cash flow to satisfy both maturing short-term debt and up glide path operational expenses.Total Operating CapitalTotal Operating Capital is manifestly the addition of a companys net fixed assets to the NOWC. DLeons expansion generated a significant increase in the companys net fixed assets of almost trio times the previous years. This figure added to the NOWC generated a 56.1% increase in total ope rating capital from $1,187,200 to $1,852,832.Net IncomeNet income, or profit, is the income that a firm has after subtracting costs and expenses from the total revenue. It can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as retained earnings. Once again, however, due to the significant increase in costs and expenses such as notes and accounts payable, DLeon had a negative net income in 2005. They experienced a decrease of 282.1% from $87,960 to-$160,176.Cash FlowsCash flow refers to the amount of cash being sure and paying by a business during a defined period of time. The measurement of cash flow can be used to determine and evaluate such things as problems with liquidity and the state or transaction of a business. It can also be used to generate project rate-of-returns and to examine income or growth of a business when it is believed that accrual explanation concepts do not represent economic realities. In this report, cash flows leave behind be categorized into three components net cash flow, operating cash flow, and desolate cash flow.Net cash flow (NCF), the measure of a companys financial health, have-to doe withs the cash receipts minus cash payments all over a given period of time. It can be considered money that is available for expansion, research and development, or retained as cash reserves. From 2004 to 2005, DLeons net cash flow decreased dramatically by 140.4%. This decrease in funds needed for the expansion is causing great concern with the major shareholders of the company over the future of DLeon Inc.Operating cash flow (OCF) is the cash flow from operating activities. It refers to the amount of cash a company generates from the revenues it brings in minus the costs associated with long-term investment on capital items or investment in securities. The company experienced a 71.2% decrease in OCF from the previous year.Free cash flow (FCF) is the cash flow actually available for payment to investors. The value of a companys operations depends on its expected future redundant cash flows. This is another(prenominal) cause for concern for DLeons major shareholders because, following the expansion, the FCF decreased dramatically to -$744,201.Market Value AddedMarket Value Added (MVA) is the difference among the current market value of a firm and the capital contributed by investors. If MVA is positive, the firm has added value. If it is negative, the firm has destroyed value. The expansion of DLeon has decreased their MVA. This canbe seen in that the stock price has decreased over the past year by about 73.5%. In order for MVA to increase, the amount of value added needs to be greater than the firms investors could have achieved investing in the market portfolio.SECTION 2 Working CapitalA good indicator of a companys health is its working capital. The working capital represents the amount of operating liquidity that is available to a business and is calculated as current assets minus current liabilities. A company can be endowed with assets and profitability, but short of liquidity, if these assets cannot readily be converted into cash. Section 2 of this report focuses on the three components of current assets sales, receivables, and purchases.SalesThe objective of any business is to create or increase profits through sales. One way that DLeon might increase sales would be to cristal 60-day credit terms to their customers rather than the 30-day credit terms that they currently offer. If sales were to double as a result of the change in their credit policy, the cash account would initially decrease because they would have to build up their inventory to support the increased sales. This would result in an increase in accounts receivable. Over time, DLeons cash account would eventually begin to rise as accruals increased. One downfall to this option, however, would be if the competitors learned of the change and began to offer similar credit terms to their custo mers. If this were to happen, DLeons sales would remain constant, resulting in its cash account decreasing and its accounts receivable change magnitude.ReceivablesDay-to-day business at DLeon, just as in any other business, consists of them spending money. They spend money for labor, materials, and fixed assets needed to make products to sell. The sale of these products result in receivables, which are simply the billing of customers who owe money to the company for the goods that have been provided. The receivables eventually generate cash as the outstanding bills are paying(a) by the customers. Because of this process, DLeons cash account has decreased dramatically due to the company spending more cash than it is taking in. Because of this, it appears that the sales price does not distance its costs per unit sold.This has a negative effect on the cash balance because, as stated above, more cash is going out than is coming in.PurchasesDLeon purchases its materials on 30-day term s, meaning that it is supposed to pay for its purchases within 30 days of receipt. Judging by DLeons 2005 balance sheet , its suppliers probably do not get paid on time. This conclusion can be made from the fact that sales have only increased by about 76% over the past year while accounts payable have increased by about 260%.SECTION 3 Problems AnalysisAdditional questions and problems have raised concern among the board members and the major shareholders of DLeon Incorporated. Section 3 of this report focuses on these issues as well as options that the company might pursue to ensure a healthy financial future.Cash ProblemsThe expansion at DLeon weakened their financial strength. Because the company issued long-term debt rather than common stock for the funding, it appears that it has financed its expansion with outer capital rather than with internally generated funds. Due to the significant increase in receivables, even if it had broke even in 2005, DLeon would still experience a cash shortage requiring it to raise external capital to finance its increase in assets.Regarding the companys physical stock, the question has been raised to depreciate them over 7 years rather than 10 years. Unfortunately, this change would not affect the physical stock. The balance sheet account for fixed assets, however, would decrease due to the increasing accumulated depreciation. The companys reported net income would decrease and the decrease in tax payments would result in an increased cash position.Stock IssuesEarnings per share (EPS) are the earnings returned on the initial investment amount. It is calculated by dividing net income by shares outstanding. Dividends per share are calculated by dividing dividends by shares outstanding. countersign value per share is calculated by common equity divided by shares outstanding. The market price per share of a stock does not equal the book value per share because the market value reflects futureprofits, while the book value per s hare represents historical cost of the stock.Tax IssuesFor businesses, interest paid is tax deductible. This is because it is considered an expense and is paid out of pre-tax income. Dividends paid, however, are paid out of after-tax income. Interested earned is subject to income taxes because it is part of the companys taxable income. Dividends received are also taxed as part of the ordinary income. For corporations, Capital gains are taxed as ordinary income. DLeon was able to use Tax Loss Carry-Back and hold over Provisions to receive a tax refund because of its net loss of -$160,178 in 2005.PART IIFinancial StatementAnalysisSECTION 1 Ratio AnalysisThe primary remainder of any business is to maximize its value. In order to do this, it must take advantage of its strengths and correct its weaknesses. Businesses do this by first comparing their performance to other businesses in the same industry and secondly by evaluating trends in their financial position over time. This evaluat ion is done through ratio analysis . Ratio Analysis is simply a tool used by individuals to conduct a quantitative analysis of information in a companys financial statements.These ratios are calculated from current year numbers and are then compared to previous years, other companies, the industry, or even the economy to try out the performance of the company. These calculations provide assistance in decision-making, reduce reliance on guesswork and intuition, and establish a basis for sound judgment. The following section discusses the five major categories of financial ratios.LiquidityLiquidity refers to an assets ability to be easily converted through the act of buying or selling. A liquid asset can be bought or sold rapidly without causing a significant movement in the price and with minimum loss of value. Liquidity ratios are calculations that show the relationship of a companys cash and other current assets to its current liabilities. These ratios acknowledge the current rat io and the quick ratio. By smell at DLeon Inc.s quick ratio for 2004 and 2005, it is clear that their liquidity has decreased, but it is projected to increase in 2006.Asset ManagementAsset management ratios are another group of financial calculations that measure how effectively a company is managing its assets. These ratios attempt to answer the question Does the amount each type of asset seem reasonable, too high, or too low in view of current and projected sales? If a business has too more assets, its cost of capital will be too high and its profits will be depressed. If assets are too low, however, profitable sales will be lost. Asset management ratios include inventory turnover, days sales outstanding (DSO), fixed assets turnover, and total assets turnover.DLeons inventory turnover and total assets turnover are below the industry average, but their DSO is above the industry average. Their fixed assts turnover, however, is above the industry average. By the inventory turnover ratio being low, it appears that the firm either has excessive or obsolete inventory. If inventory were reduced, their current asset and turnover ratios would improve and the debt ratio would reduce even further, increasing DLeons profitability. If DLeon were to improve its collection procedures and lower its DSO to the 32-day average, the effects would ripple through the financial statements and free up over $250,000 in cash that would, in turn, raise their stock price.Debt ManagementDebt management is also referred to as financial leverage. Financial leverage is the using of given resources in such a way that the potential positive or negative core is magnified. It most generally refers to using debt, or borrowed funds, in an attempt to increase the returns to equity. Financial leverage can allow greater potential returns to the investor than would have other than been available. The potential for loss is also greater, however, because repayment of the loan principle and all accr ued interest is still required if the investment becomes worthless. Debt management ratios include times-interest-earned (TIE) and EBITDA coverage. DLeons expected TIE for 2006 is much improve over its 2004 and 2005 levels and is above the industry average. Their EBITDA has also improved, but is still below the industry average.ProfitabilityProfitability ratios reflect the unite effects of liquidity, asset management, and debt. It measures a companys use of its assets andcontrol of its expenses to generate an acceptable rate of return. For most of these ratios, having a higher value recounting to a competitors ratio or the same ratio from a previous period is indicative that the company is doing well. Profitability ratios include profit margin on sales, return on total assets (ROA), basic earning power, (BEP), and return on common equity, (ROE). DLeons profit margin is above 2004 and 2005 levels and is around above the industry average. Their BEP, ROA, and ROE ratios have also inc reased from the previous year, but are all still below the industry average.Market ValueMarket Value Ratios are the calculations that relate a companys stock price to its earnings, cash flow, and book value per share. These ratios give management an indication of what investors think of the companys risk and future prospects. If all of the previously discussed ratios look good, and if these conditions have been stable over time, then the market value ratios will be high, the stock price will probably be high, and management has been doing a good job. Market value ratios include price/earnings (P/E), price/cash flow, and market/book (M/B) ratios. All of these ratios at DLeon Inc. are above the previous years level, but are all below the industry average.SECTION 2 Financial Ratio LimitationsWhen evaluating a company, analysts recognize that they must consider certain qualitative factors . These factors areAre the companys revenues tied to one refer customer?To what extent are the com panys revenues tied to one key product?To what extent does the company rely on a single supplier?What percentage of the companys business is generated overseas?CompetitionFuture prospectsLegal and regulatory environmentWhile these factors must be considered for all companys alike, not all companys can be compared equally when it comes to their financials. There are a number of limitations to using financial ratios as a tool for comparison.One such limitation is that companys use different operating and accounting practices and procedures. This could cause distortion in comparisons. Another come-at-able cause of distortion between ratio comparisons is seasonal factors. Industry average comparisons can be made difficult if companys operate many different divisions. Anothermajor issue is that a company may not always know whether the ratios that they are comparing theirs with are good or bad because some companys use certain techniques to make their financial statements and ratios ap pear better than they actual are.SECTION 3 Problems and DiscussionCredit IssuesIn 2005, DLeon paid its suppliers much later than the due date, and it was not maintaining financial ratios at levels called for in its bank loan agreement. There was concern that this behavior would lead to the suppliers cutting the company off and refusing to renew the loan when it comes due. Even though the companys projected ratios appear to be improving, the credit manager will most credibly not be able to extend credit to it. However, the bank will mostly likely not demand repayment because this could for DLeon into bankruptcy.Financial ProjectionsUsing the protracted Du Pont equation, we find that DLeon has an ROE of nearly 13%. Looking at the 2006 projections in Appendix F on page 16, we see that the companys strengths include above industry average fixed assets turnover and profit margin. DLeon also significantly reduced it debt ratio, resulting in a decreased interest expense and improved TIE ratio. Some of the companys weaknesses include poor asset management ratios, EBITDA coverage, profitability ratios, and market value ratios. I would have recommended that the company perform an extensive ratio analysis of its current financial position before taking on any expansion plans. This could have vastly helped managers to determine the effects of the expansion on the financial stability of the company.Brigham, Eugene F., and Joel F. Houston. Fundamentals of Financial Management. DLeon Inc., Chapter 4 spreadsheet module. Made available on July 1, 2008 by Dr. Richard Constand.Brigham, Eugene F., and Joel F. Houston. Fundamentals of Financial Management. Thomson South-Western Publishers, Eleventh Ed. 2007.